video: This method for creating high-quality, three-dimensional (3D) digital representations of plant structures uses images of thin sections of plant material taken with a light microscope and reconstructed into a 3D model using computer-assisted design (CAD) software. The technique is demonstrated by creating models of grass spikelets. view more
Credit: Phillip C. Klahs, Timothy J. Gallaher, and Lynn G. Clark
The structures of flowers and other plant parts represent a rich and complex source of botanical information with great potential to answer a variety of taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological questions. As computational approaches become ever more central to biological research, there is a pressing need to translate this information into tractable digital data for analysis. In research presented in a recent issue of Applications in Plant Sciences , Phillip Klahs and colleagues refined a method for creating high-quality, three-dimensional (3D) digital representations of plant structures. They demonstrated the effectiveness of this technique by creating models of the flowers of three species in the grass family, Poaceae.
The wind-pollinated flowers of grasses are notoriously difficult to study due to their small, compact, and concealed structure. "Grasses are often underappreciated as flowering plants. The taxonomic keys are difficult, there is so much diversity, and because they are wind pollinated the flowers are labeled 'not showy,'" said Klahs, a graduate student at Iowa State University and the lead author of the study. 3D digital representations of these structures could help botany students learning to identify different species of grass by floral structure. "My personal top application is bringing some love back to standard botany. I really want to help people become excited about keying out plants, especially scary plants like grasses and sedges," said Klahs.
Beyond the classroom, the enigmatic flowers of grasses have enormous economic importance, as their proper pollination leads to the production of grains such as rice, wheat, and corn. "There may be huge implications for agriculture. Understanding seed set and the conditions at which certain grains are being fertilized is valuable biologically and economically," said Klahs. He also pointed out the inverse application, noting that "There are a lot of wind-pollinated weeds, and understanding their dispersal and sexual timing is important as well."
The technique developed by Klahs and colleagues involves taking images of thin sections of plant material with a light microscope and reconstructing these two-dimensional images into a 3D model using computer-assisted design (CAD) software; an animation of the 3D modeling steps can be viewed in the Video. This method has several advantages over existing techniques for creating 3D models of plant structures, such as optical photogrammetry and X-ray tomography. It is cheaper than X-ray tomography, simultaneously produces usable microscope slides, and unlike optical photogrammetry, produces a model of the internal structure of the flower.
The bioinformatic revolution that has swept through botany over recent decades followed the digitization of botanical information such as DNA or protein sequences. Plant anatomy and morphology have been more challenging to represent digitally in a cost-effective and accurate way. But the information contained in detailed representations of plant anatomy can answer questions that DNA cannot, for example, about environmental determinants of effective wind pollination.
The technique presented in this study helps bring plant morphology further into the digital age. The high-quality 3D digital representations of plant structures reported here, once created, can be made cheaply and easily available to scientists and educators around the world to use as they please. The scientists creating these models have likely not imagined all the potential uses for them, much like DNA sequence data in decades past. As for Klahs, he is "currently undertaking a systematic approach utilizing the 3D models to address macroevolutionary questions, with side benefits of showing off how grass flowers are actually really beautiful."
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Phillip C. Klahs, Timothy J. Gallaher, and Lynn G. Clark. 2018. A refined method for digitally modeling small and complex plant structures in 3D: An example from the grasses (Poaceae). Applications in Plant Sciences 6(8): e1177. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1177
Applications in Plant Sciences (APPS) is a monthly, peer-reviewed, open access journal focusing on new tools, technologies, and protocols in all areas of the plant sciences. It is published by the Botanical Society of America, a nonprofit membership society with a mission to promote botany, the field of basic science dealing with the study and inquiry into the form, function, development, diversity, reproduction, evolution, and uses of plants and their interactions within the biosphere. APPS is available as part of the Wiley Online Library .
For further information, please contact the APPS staff at apps@botany.org.
Journal
Applications in Plant Sciences